The AI Arms Race: Compute as the Currency of the Future

The video sheds light on the recent announcement of Project Stargate, a $100 billion collaboration between Microsoft and OpenAI to create a powerful AI supercomputer. This massive investment highlights the growing importance of owning the infrastructure necessary for AI development, as the software and models themselves are becoming more commoditized.

The video sheds light on the recent announcement of Project Stargate, a $100 billion collaboration between Microsoft and OpenAI to create a powerful AI supercomputer. This massive investment highlights the growing importance of owning the infrastructure necessary for AI development, as the software and models themselves are becoming more commoditized.

According to the host, the AI industry can be divided into four main categories: chips, infrastructure, models, and apps. Currently, chips, such as GPUs provided by Nvidia, are capturing the most value, as evidenced by the company’s remarkable stock price growth over the past five years, particularly following the launch of ChatGPT.

Sam Altman’s focus on investing in chips is a strategic move to maintain OpenAI’s long-term value and reduce dependence on third-party chip providers. As the host points out, “Sam Altman realizes the value is not in the models.”

The video also emphasizes the crucial role of electricity in powering AI, presenting a vision of future data centers built alongside nuclear power plants to ensure a stable and secure energy supply. This modular approach could help mitigate risks associated with hacking or terrorist attacks.

In an interview clip featured in the video, Sam Altman states, “I think compute is going to be the currency of the future. I think it will be maybe the most precious commodity in the world.” He suggests that the demand for compute will be immense and difficult to comprehend at present.

Elon Musk, in another interview clip, concurs with the importance of compute and electricity, predicting shortages in voltage step-down transformers and electricity as the demand for AI compute grows.

The video concludes by highlighting the substantial investments being made by other tech giants, such as Meta, in acquiring vast numbers of GPUs to support their AI research and attract top talent in the field. The host raises concerns about the potential negative economic effects of this consolidation of power among a few major companies.

As we witness the unfolding of this AI arms race, it is clear that compute is becoming the new frontier for technological dominance. The strategic investments made by tech giants in securing their positions in the rapidly evolving AI landscape will have far-reaching implications for the future of our economy and society as a whole.

What are your thoughts on the concept of compute as the currency of the future? Do you believe this shift will lead to a more equitable distribution of wealth, or will it further consolidate power among a select few? Share your opinions in the comments below, and let’s engage in a meaningful discussion about the future of AI and its impact on our world.

The Rise of the “Meaning Economy” — A Paradigm Shift Reshaping Life and Work

In a thought-provoking new video, the creator argues that a major economic paradigm shift is underway, driven by changing philosophical perspectives in the West. He sees the rise of influencers, lifestyle content creators, and trends like “cottagecore” as early signs of an emerging “meaning economy”.

Cottagecore is an aesthetic and design style that encourages adopting a simpler and more bucolic lifestyle. Its design characteristics include vintage and handcrafted items such as clothing, candles, furniture, and needlework.

The creator contends that over the past century, the West has pivoted to a model focused on economic productivity above all else. While this has led to gains in material wealth and health, he believes it has also resulted in an “emptiness” and “scarcity of meaning and purpose.” He ties this to the influence of nihilism and postmodernism in Western thought.

In contrast, he points to the durability of Taoist, Buddhist and Confucian traditions in providing a “philosophical, intellectual and spiritual grounding” in Eastern societies like China and Japan. The West, having turned away from traditional religious anchors, suffers from what he calls “the death of meaning.”

The video outlines “four abandonments” emerging from this “nihilistic crisis”:

  1. Childhood abandonment, as dual-income, suburban nuclear families leave kids emotionally neglected.
  2. Social abandonment, as this neglect carries into adulthood, society and institutions.
  3. “Cosmic abandonment” – a view of the universe itself as cold and uncaring.
  4. Self-abandonment and despair as hope is lost.

However, the creator sees the hunger driving the “meaning economy” as a rejection of nihilism and evidence of an emerging “metamodernism” to replace postmodernism. Drawing on Eastern thought, he advocates a “bottom up view of reality” where “complexity emerges from the ground up” and truth can be “encircled” even if not perfectly defined.

Ultimately, he sees those creating meaningful content and commentary as providing a valuable service in this time of transition. Even as AI and automation advance, he believes the “meaning economy” will endure until a new equilibrium is found. The video is a call to move beyond postmodernism, nihilism and the limitations of “neoliberal” economics to new philosophical paradigms.

The summary avoids directly quoting the transcript at length, but aims to concisely capture and analyze the key ideas and how they are presented. Of course, this is just one perspective, but the video offers an intriguing lens on major cultural and economic currents. The creator’s synthesis of Eastern and Western thought is especially thought-provoking as we navigate a time of immense change and look to construct new frameworks of meaning.

What will life after AGI look like? A world run by AI” by Julie McCoy

Julie McCoy is an AI researcher who believes artificial general intelligence (AGI) could radically transform society in the coming decades. She cites influential books like “The Singularity is Near” by Ray Kurzweil and “Abundance” by Peter Diamandis that argue rapid AI progress will enable unprecedented abundance and prosperity.

McCoy argues that the Earth has vast untapped resources, noting that a single apple seed can yield 3,000 apples and that one hour of sunlight provides enough energy for all of humanity’s needs for a year. She believes AI breakthroughs will allow us to harness this latent abundance.

Citing an IMF report, McCoy states that foundation models powering generative AI are advancing at a breakneck pace, with AI poised to surpass human intelligence in many domains. She quotes AI pioneer Jeffrey Hinton predicting AGI could emerge in 5-20 years. The IMF report outlines scenarios of gradual AGI development over 20 years vs. rapid development in just 5 years, urging policymakers to prepare.

An intriguing 1972 MIT study predicted rapid economic growth could lead to civilizational collapse by the mid-21st century. A 2020 re-analysis presented at Davos argued technological progress and public investment could avert collapse and yield a new, sustainable civilization – but only if we change course in the next decade.

McCoy envisions an abundant post-AGI world with AI-powered clean energy, personalized education, and a transition from a production-based economy to one centered on meaning and relationships. She cites YouTuber David Shapiro’s concept of a “meaning economy” where AI handles production, freeing humans to pursue purpose and connection. Universal basic income, funded by taxes on AI-owning corporations, could enable this shift.

However, McCoy notes dangers, like the prospect of AGI being controlled by profit-hungry corporations or power-hungry actors. This could yield a dystopian future with vast inequality. She calls for an “agnostic approach to growth” prioritizing societal wellbeing over pure commercialization of AGI.

Certain human-centric roles may endure post-AGI: statutory jobs, meaning/purpose-related work (clergy, philosophers, influencers), experiential roles (tour guides, massage therapists, entertainers), and caring professions. But McCoy believes AGI will transform the economy as we know it.

McCoy concludes by plugging an AI writing tool she helps lead, Continent Scale, and encouraging viewers to share their thoughts. While inquisitive and imaginative, the video (in my view) makes some quite speculative claims about AGI timelines and impacts. Still, McCoy raises important issues about how we can steer AGI development towards collective flourishing. It’s a fascinating glimpse of the hopes and fears surrounding our AI future.

Julia McCoy’s Vision for Winning in near AI Future

McCoy emphasizes the importance of adapting to AI, stating that using AI in your day-to-day and knowing how to do it is a new habit you will have to build”.

She warns that failure to embrace this technology could have dire consequences, as “AI is going to be the biggest shift that has ever hit our working world.”

To illustrate the magnitude of the AI revolution, McCoy cites several compelling statistics:

  • By 2030, 800 million jobs will be replaced by AI.
  • By 2026, 1.4 billion people will have to retrain or reskill.
  • In America alone, 45 million American jobs are going to be overtaken by AI.

Despite the potential challenges, McCoy sees AI as a tremendous opportunity for those willing to adapt. She highlights the rapid growth of the AI industry, noting that “before 2032, generative AI on its own will become a $1.3 trillion market”.

McCoy’s video serves as a powerful wake-up call for professionals across industries. By developing new habits, acquiring relevant skills, and learning from those who have already succeeded in the AI space, we can position ourselves to thrive in this new era of work.

Immortality: AI, War, Religion, Consciousness | Bryan Johnson

3 hours of fascinating discussion: visionary entrepreneur Bryan Johnson shares his thought-provoking perspective that the goal of humanity should be to stay alive long enough for artificial superintelligence (ASI) to emerge and potentially unlock the key to immortality. As the founder of Kernel, a company developing brain-computer interfaces, and the $100 million OS Fund investing in “hard tech” companies, Johnson is at the forefront of the AI revolution.

Bryan Johnson isn’t your typical tech entrepreneur. He poured millions into biohacking his own body in a radical quest to extend human lifespan.

Here is a summary of the notable ideas discussed in the YouTube video with Bryan Johnson:

Author Background:

  • Bryan Johnson is the founder of OS Fund, which invests in cutting-edge technologies focused on “building with atoms.”
  • He previously sold Braintree & Venmo and has been pursuing radical life extension and health optimization through his “Blueprint” project.

Here is a summary of the notable ideas discussed in the YouTube video with Bryan Johnson:

Author Background:

  • Bryan Johnson is the founder of OS Fund, which invests in cutting-edge technologies focused on “building with atoms.”
  • He previously sold Braintree & Venmo and has been pursuing radical life extension and health optimization through his “Blueprint” project.

Key Ideas:

  1. Johnson believes we are on the precipice of an artificial superintelligence revolution that will dramatically alter day-to-day life. He thinks AI may hold the key to unlocking human immortality.
  2. He argues humans should hand over decision-making to AI once it’s ready, as AI will be a superior form of cognition. Humans are good at some things but terrible at others like self-destructive and planetary-destructive behaviors.
  3. Johnson has been using AI to optimize his own health decisions – what to eat, when to sleep, etc. He has found the AI takes better care of him than he can himself. He sees this as a model for humans increasingly relying on AI.
  4. A key focus is eliminating all sources of death, both for individuals and the planet. Johnson believes as we develop superintelligence, the “new game” should be focused on conquering death rather than things like war, money, power.
  5. He predicts the rate of AI progress means our goal should be to stay alive long enough for AI to conquer death for us. But he acknowledges risks that advanced AI could destroy us if engineered wrong.
  6. Johnson has quantified his health to an extreme degree, even claiming to have “the most quantified penis in the world.” He has used therapies to supposedly reverse his erectile function to that of an 18-year-old.
  7. He is working on building a “don’t die” movement, even hoping to establish a “don’t die network state” of citizens united around life extension. But he acknowledges the difficulties in shifting human values.

The conversation covers the immense potential Johnson sees in superhuman AI to solve humanity’s greatest challenges, but also the risks and value alignment problems involved. His health optimization work provides a window into the types of human-AI synthesis he envisions. While highly speculative, the discussion surfaces key questions about the future of human and machine cognition.

The Next Frontier: Tech Giants Betting Big on AI-Driven Biotech Revolution

Forbes journalist Kieran Meadows discusses how tech giants like Nvidia, Google, and Microsoft are investing heavily in the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and biotechnology. The video highlights the recent JP Morgan Healthcare Conference, where Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang addressed an audience of health and biology technologists, emphasizing the potential of “digital biology” as the next groundbreaking technology revolution.

Nvidia, known for its powerful GPU chips that have been instrumental in the AI boom, sees immense opportunities in the biotech sector. Kimberly Powell, Nvidia’s vice president of healthcare, stated, “It’s been declared we are the next many billion doll[ar] business for NVIDIA.” The company aims to provide chips, cloud infrastructure, and other tools to more biotech firms, especially in the wake of the mainstream success of generative AI models like OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google DeepMind’s Gemini.

Meadows points out that several of the world’s most powerful tech companies are now focusing on biotech as the next frontier in AI, where the technology could potentially generate life-saving drugs. DeepMind’s AlphaFold model, which predicts protein structures, has already been used by researchers to develop a “molecular syringe” for targeted drug delivery and to study pesticide-resistant crops.

The video emphasizes that the use of AI in drug discovery is not entirely new, but executives at DeepMind and Nvidia believe that we are at a breakthrough moment due to the convergence of three key factors: the abundance of training data, the explosion of computing resources, and advancements in AI algorithms. Powell stated, “The three ingredients are here for the very first time. This was not possible 5 years ago.”

Meadows explains that AI has great potential in the biotech space due to its complexity, particularly in the realm of protein folding. Proteins, the basic machinery of the body, rely on their three-dimensional shape to carry out various functions. Being able to predict a protein’s shape based on its amino acid sequence is of great interest to biotech companies, as it can aid in designing new drugs, improving crops, and creating biodegradable plastics.

The video concludes by highlighting the importance of deep learning in this process, as training AI models on vast amounts of protein sequence and structure data allows them to uncover patterns in biology without the need for expensive molecular dynamics simulations. This development has the potential to revolutionize the biotech industry and usher in a new era of AI-driven innovations in healthcare and beyond.


The key points from the video:

  1. Tech giants like Nvidia, Google, and Microsoft are investing heavily in the intersection of AI and biotechnology, seeing it as the next frontier in AI-driven innovation.
  2. Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang emphasized the potential of “digital biology” as the next groundbreaking technology revolution.
  3. Nvidia aims to provide chips, cloud infrastructure, and tools to more biotech firms, recognizing the potential for significant growth in this sector.
  4. The mainstream success of generative AI models has further fueled interest in applying AI to biotech, particularly in drug discovery.
  5. DeepMind’s AlphaFold model has already been used in research for targeted drug delivery and pesticide-resistant crops.
  6. The convergence of abundant training data, increased computing resources, and advancements in AI algorithms has created a breakthrough moment for AI in biotech.
  7. AI has great potential in the biotech space due to its ability to uncover patterns in complex biological systems, such as protein folding, without the need for expensive molecular dynamics simulations.
  8. The application of AI in biotech could revolutionize the industry, leading to new innovations in drug discovery, crop improvement, and the development of biodegradable plastics.

Sam Altman’s Bold Predictions for GPT-5: A Game-Changing AI Revolution

In a recent interview, Sam Altman, the CEO of OpenAI, shared some remarkable insights about the upcoming GPT-5 model and its potential impact on various aspects of our lives. Altman, known for his visionary leadership in the field of artificial intelligence, has made some bold predictions that have left the tech community buzzing with excitement and anticipation.

One of the most striking statements from Altman was his confidence in GPT-5’s performance. He emphasized that the model’s improvements will exceed all expectations, cautioning against underestimating its capabilities. “Each time the GPT’s next model was developed, it is emphasized that more new thinking is needed as various areas of daily life, as well as businesses, are inevitably replaced and disappear,” Altman stated, highlighting the transformative nature of this upcoming AI system.

Altman’s vision for GPT-5 goes beyond incremental progress. He believes that with sufficient computational resources, building Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) that surpasses human capabilities is entirely feasible. “There are many questions about whether there are any limits to GPT, but I can confidently say no”, Altman remarked, expressing his unwavering belief in the potential of OpenAI’s technology.

The implications of GPT-5’s advancements are far-reaching, particularly for businesses and startups. Altman warned that underestimating the improvement margin of GPT-5 and deploying business strategies accordingly would be a grave mistake. “Many startups are happy assuming that GPT-5 will only make slight progress rather than significant advancements since it presents more business opportunities, but I think this will be a big mistake,” he cautioned. As technological upheavals occur, companies that fail to adapt and leverage the capabilities of next-generation models risk being left behind.

Altman’s laser-focus on AI development is evident in his recent statements. He admitted that his interest in other technologies, such as blockchain and biotechnology, has faded in comparison to his dedication to AI. “These days, I’m entirely focused on AI, AI all the time, and at full tilt, making it difficult to have other perspectives“, Altman shared, emphasizing the immense potential and importance of AI in shaping the future.

However, Altman also highlighted the challenges that come with building these groundbreaking AI systems. He stressed the need for more computational resources, stating that “the world has not planned for sufficient computing and is failing to confront this issue.” Securing the necessary computational power for implementing AGI poses a significant challenge, and Altman has been working towards innovating the global AI infrastructure to address this problem.

As we eagerly await the release of GPT-5, Altman’s words serve as a reminder of the transformative power of artificial intelligence. The advancements made by OpenAI and the potential impact of GPT-5 on various industries and aspects of our lives are truly exciting. However, it is crucial for businesses and individuals alike to stay informed, adapt, and embrace the changes that AI will inevitably bring.

In the words of Sam Altman himself, “This is the most interesting year in human history, except for all future years.” As we stand on the brink of an AI revolution, it is clear that the future holds incredible possibilities, and GPT-5 may just be the catalyst that propels us into a new era of technological advancement.

Dr. Mamud Khan on the Truth About Aging, AI, and Extending Human Health Span

In this fascinating interview on the Impact Theory channel, scientist and entrepreneur Dr. Mamud Khan shares his insights on how AI and biotech breakthroughs are poised to dramatically extend human health span and lifespan in the coming years.

With insights from Dr. Mehmood Khan, a renowned figure in scientific research and healthcare, you’ll explore the role of government spending, healthcare costs, and the resources needed for an additional 30 years of life.

Dr. Khan, the CEO of HEvolution, an organization focused on expanding healthy lifespan, explains that aging is the root cause of more suffering than any other condition. He believes that by keeping people healthier and more functional as they age, we can enable them to continue contributing to society personally and professionally well into their later years. This would have a massive positive impact on GDP.

Some key ideas Dr. Khan discusses:

  • It’s critical to develop diagnostics that can precisely measure a person’s biological age, rate of aging, and response to anti-aging interventions. This currently doesn’t exist but is essential to make real progress.
  • AI analyzing vast amounts of human health data will be pivotal in identifying the complex patterns behind why people age differently. However, getting broad access to this personal data while maintaining privacy is an unresolved challenge.
  • Senolytics, drugs that eliminate senescent “zombie” cells, are a promising area of anti-aging research already in human trials. Epigenetic reprogramming to restore aged tissues is another exciting frontier.
  • To avoid a future where only the wealthy can access longevity treatments, any breakthroughs must be scaled up and democratized to benefit everyone. Industry, government and NGOs will all play important roles.
  • Bioethical questions around extended longevity are complex and evolving. Dr. Khan has brought together a council of bioethicists to help guide Evolution’s work.

In terms of lifestyle, Dr. Khan emphasizes portion and calorie control, regular activity, good sleep, and strong family/social connections as keys to health. He envisions a future where advanced diagnostics can give each person a detailed picture of their unique aging process and guide precision interventions.

The conversation touches on thought-provoking questions like whether humans are truly capable of change, if we should live forever even if we can, and how anti-aging breakthroughs may impact society. Dr. Khan provides measured but deeply insightful perspectives, making it clear that while immense challenges lie ahead, we are on the cusp of redefining what it means to age.

Exploring the Future of AGI: Insights from Micah’s Q&A Session

Micah, a well-known AI expert and content creator, recently hosted a Q&A session on his YouTube channel to address some of the most pressing questions surrounding Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). The session covered a wide range of topics, from the potential timeline of AGI development to its impact on various sectors and regions around the world.

One of the most intriguing questions posed by the audience was, “What would the first 90 days look like after AGI is unveiled, and how will it affect third world developing countries?” Micah provided a thoughtful response, suggesting that the initial impact of AGI might be somewhat underwhelming due to various factors such as cost-effectiveness, deployment readiness, and regulatory hurdles. He noted that while developed nations may struggle with these issues, developing countries might be more open to embracing AGI technology due to fewer regulations and a greater need for innovative solutions.

Micah also touched upon the potential medical advancements we can expect by the end of 2025. He highlighted the promising work of David Sinclair in the field of longevity research and the potential for groundbreaking treatments targeting age-related diseases. Additionally, he discussed the role of mRNA vaccines, nanoparticle-based medicine, and AI-assisted drug discovery in accelerating medical progress.

When asked about the possibility of AGI being used to resurrect the dead, Micah provided a nuanced perspective. While he acknowledged that creating virtual copies or clones of individuals might be feasible, he emphasized that these would not be the original persons but rather simulations or approximations.

Throughout the Q&A, Micah demonstrated his deep understanding of the AI landscape and his ability to provide insightful responses to complex questions. His optimism about the future of AGI was tempered by a recognition of the challenges and uncertainties that lie ahead.

In conclusion, Micah’s Q&A session offered a fascinating glimpse into the potential future of AGI and its far-reaching implications for society. As we stand on the brink of this technological revolution, it is crucial to engage in informed discussions and consider the ethical, social, and economic ramifications of these advancements.


Sure, here’s a list of the main questions from the Q&A session and brief, clear answers to each:

  1. What would the first 90 days look like after AGI is unveiled, and how will it affect third world developing countries?
    Answer: The initial impact of AGI might be less dramatic than expected due to various factors like cost, deployment readiness, and regulations. Developing countries might adopt AGI technology more quickly due to fewer regulations and a greater need for innovative solutions.
  2. What are five medical advancements you expect by the end of 2025?
    Answer: Promising advancements include longevity research by David Sinclair, mRNA vaccines, nanoparticle-based medicine, AI-assisted drug discovery, and potential treatments for age-related diseases like Alzheimer’s.
  3. Do you think the elections are going to affect the release of AGI this year?
    Answer: Tech companies likely want to avoid political controversy, so they may not explicitly tie AGI releases to election cycles. However, the backlash to projects like Sora might influence their decision-making.
  4. If those who offer nothing to the economy (e.g., the homeless) are only considered by power when they disrupt the system, what makes you think that those in charge will care about the masses who will similarly be irrelevant to the economy when AGI and Robotics arrive?
    Answer: Historical events like the French Revolution demonstrate that when enough people are angry and suffering, regime change can happen regardless of the desires of those in power. In democracies, voting should allow for peaceful transitions of power to address such issues.
  5. Does AI really need to understand images and sound to be intelligent or even conscious?
    Answer: Not necessarily. AI is digital-native, so its intelligence is not inherently tied to sensory modalities like vision or hearing. However, multimodal training can make AI models smarter and more intuitive about the physical world.
  6. Will ASI be able to resurrect the dead, even people from ancient times?
    Answer: No, resurrection in the sense of bringing back the original person is not possible. However, creating virtual copies or clones of individuals based on their data might be feasible in the future, but these would be simulations or approximations, not the original persons.
  7. How does AI enhance the health, medical, and longevity landscape, and how long do we expect to reach longevity escape velocity?
    Answer: AI is accelerating medical progress in numerous ways, such as AI-assisted drug discovery, diagnostic tools, and personalized treatments. Many people today may already be in longevity escape velocity due to the rapid advancements in medical knowledge and technology.

The REAL Reason Sam Altman was Fired: SHOCKING Details Exposed

Based on the analysis presented in the video, the creator suggests that the most plausible explanation for Sam Altman’s firing from OpenAI is linked to the leaked “Q*” (Q-star) document on 4chan. This document allegedly reveals that OpenAI had made significant breakthroughs in AI capabilities, including the potential ability to decrypt advanced encryption algorithms, which could have severe consequences for society if true.

  1. The timing of the leak, which occurred just weeks before Altman’s termination.
  2. Altman’s own vague comments about “pushing the frontier of discovery forward” just a day before his firing.
  3. The board’s inability to provide a clear explanation for Altman’s removal, stating only that he was “not consistently candid” in his communications.
  4. Elon Musk’s lawsuit against OpenAI, which specifically mentions the Q* project and suggests that Altman’s firing was due in part to “OpenAI’s breakthrough in realizing AGI” and “safety concerns and the potential threat posed by OpenAI’s Next Generation Q*”.

While the legitimacy of the Q* document remains unverified, the creator argues that it provides the most compelling explanation for the sudden and shocking decision to remove Altman from his position as CEO. The potential existence of an AI system capable of breaking advanced encryption posed such a significant threat that the board felt compelled to take swift action, even if it meant causing significant upheaval within the company.

However, it is important to note that this theory is based on speculation and limited evidence. The true reasons behind Altman’s firing may remain a mystery until OpenAI or those directly involved choose to disclose more information.


Q* from OpenAI is a rumored breakthrough project that has generated significant interest and speculation. While OpenAI has not officially disclosed details about Q*, it is believed to be related to advancements in artificial intelligence, particularly in the realm of artificial general intelligence (AGI). Q* is thought to involve a combination of Q-learning, an algorithm for reinforcement learning, and A*, an algorithm that enhances search processes3

The project is speculated to focus on improving logical and mathematical reasoning within AI models based on Q-learning principles4.

The significance of Q* lies in its potential to advance AI capabilities towards general reasoning abilities, although it is not considered an immediate threat to humanity. Rather, it could represent a crucial step towards developing AI systems with broader reasoning skills2. The project’s impact is also seen in how it could influence the direction of AI development, leading to more sophisticated tools with increased responsibilities as they improve at reasoning tasks5.

Overall, while the exact nature of Q* remains undisclosed by OpenAI, it is clear that this project holds promise for advancing AI capabilities and pushing the boundaries of artificial intelligence research.

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